Today we will be studying the Four Main Wars that India had to undergo:
1)Sino - India War 1962 :- A disputed Himalayan border was the main pretext for war, but other issues played a role.
One such issue was the Tibetan Uprising of 1959 and granting of Asylum to Dalai Lama by India.
The 1959 Tibetan Uprising or the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion began on 10 March 1959, when a revolt erupted in Lhasa, the capital of the Tibet Area, which had been under the effective control of the People's Republic of China.
India initiated a Forward Policy in which it placed outposts along the border, including several north of the McMahon Line, the eastern portion of a Line of Actual Control proclaimed by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in 1959.
Chinese troops advanced over Indian forces in both theatres, capturing Rezang la in Chushul in the western theatre, as well as Tawang in the eastern theatre. The war ended when China declared a ceasefire on 20 November 1962.
So Overall the reasons can be summarized as :
The Border Dispute (Akai Chin)
The Dalai Lama Asylum Issue
The Forward Policy of India
Consequences:-
According to the China's official military history, the war achieved China's policy objectives of securing borders in its western sector, as China retained de facto control of the Aksai Chin.
After the war, India abandoned the Forward Policy, and the de facto borders stabilised along the Line of Actual Control.
The aftermath of the war saw sweeping changes in the Indian military to prepare it for similar conflicts in the future.
The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 :-
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India.
The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule.
India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on West Pakistan.
Hostilities between the two countries ended after a United Nations mandated ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.
Despite the cease-fire rendering the conflict militarily inconclusive, both India and Pakistan claimed victory. Most neutral assessments, however, agree that India had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared.
Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 :-
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the liberation war in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca (Dhaka) on 16 December 1971.
This war lead to the Formation of Bangladesh.
On the evening of 3 December, at about 5:40 pm, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) launched surprise pre-emptive strikes on eleven airfields in north-western India, including Agra.
This preemptive strike known as Operation Chengiz Khan.
Operation Searchlight was a planned military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army to curb the Bengali nationalist movement in the erstwhile East Pakistan in March 1971.
The Kargil War:- An armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LOC). In India, the conflict is also referred to as Operation Vijay.
The cause of the war was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC.
Highest Gallantry Award during Wartime :- Param Vir Chakra
Highest Gallantry Award Peacetime:- Ashok Chakra
Paramvir Chakra Winners:-
1)Sino - India War 1962 :- A disputed Himalayan border was the main pretext for war, but other issues played a role.
One such issue was the Tibetan Uprising of 1959 and granting of Asylum to Dalai Lama by India.
The 1959 Tibetan Uprising or the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion began on 10 March 1959, when a revolt erupted in Lhasa, the capital of the Tibet Area, which had been under the effective control of the People's Republic of China.
India initiated a Forward Policy in which it placed outposts along the border, including several north of the McMahon Line, the eastern portion of a Line of Actual Control proclaimed by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in 1959.
Chinese troops advanced over Indian forces in both theatres, capturing Rezang la in Chushul in the western theatre, as well as Tawang in the eastern theatre. The war ended when China declared a ceasefire on 20 November 1962.
So Overall the reasons can be summarized as :
The Border Dispute (Akai Chin)
The Dalai Lama Asylum Issue
The Forward Policy of India
Consequences:-
According to the China's official military history, the war achieved China's policy objectives of securing borders in its western sector, as China retained de facto control of the Aksai Chin.
After the war, India abandoned the Forward Policy, and the de facto borders stabilised along the Line of Actual Control.
The aftermath of the war saw sweeping changes in the Indian military to prepare it for similar conflicts in the future.
The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 :-
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India.
The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule.
India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on West Pakistan.
Hostilities between the two countries ended after a United Nations mandated ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.
Despite the cease-fire rendering the conflict militarily inconclusive, both India and Pakistan claimed victory. Most neutral assessments, however, agree that India had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared.
Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 :-
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the liberation war in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca (Dhaka) on 16 December 1971.
This war lead to the Formation of Bangladesh.
On the evening of 3 December, at about 5:40 pm, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) launched surprise pre-emptive strikes on eleven airfields in north-western India, including Agra.
This preemptive strike known as Operation Chengiz Khan.
Operation Searchlight was a planned military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army to curb the Bengali nationalist movement in the erstwhile East Pakistan in March 1971.
The Kargil War:- An armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LOC). In India, the conflict is also referred to as Operation Vijay.
The cause of the war was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC.
Highest Gallantry Award during Wartime :- Param Vir Chakra
Highest Gallantry Award Peacetime:- Ashok Chakra
Paramvir Chakra Winners:-
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