Up to Now we have Discussed Consolidation of Indian Union, Integration of Kashmir, Hyderabad, Junagadh and others.
We have also dealt with the Linguistic Policy of India and the State Reorganization. We dealt in Detail about the various Commissions Formed for State Reorganization.
Today we will see about the Foreign Policy of India and the Policy of NAM.
So Lets Start:
What was the situation at the Global Level during 1947:- At the world level, situation in general was very grim. The world had just witnessed the devastating World War II, attempt of creating new international body for peace, emergence of new nations with the collapse of colonialism.
World was divided into two Powerful Blocks or Poles (Bipolar World) one was USA and the Other was USSR.
What was India's Effort in such situation:- India's efforts to pursue an independent foreign policy were highlight of post 1947 politics.
Nehru used foreign policy as an instrument to defend and strengthen India's independence and to safeguard her national interests,to develop the self reliance, self confidence and pride of the masses while serving the cause of world peace and anti colonialism.
India decided to conduct its foreign relations with an aim to respect the sovereignty of all other nations and to achieve security through the maintenance of peace. This aim finds an echo in the Directive principles of state Policy, in the Article 51 of constitution: "Promotion of international peace and security"
The three major objectives of Nehru's foreign policy were:
i. To preserve hard earned sovereignty.
ii. Protect territorial integrity.
iii. Promote rapid economic development.
India and China in 1954 Codified the Panchsheel i.e Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence:-
India did not wanted to Formally join any of the Poles(either USA or USSR) because of Sovereignty issues. It wanted to puusue its own free and independent foreign policy not subordinate to any one of the Pole.
So this thinking led to the formation of NAM :-The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. As of 2017, the movement has 125 members.
The founding fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement were :-
Their actions were known as 'The Initiative of Five'.
India and the African Contact:- India was an ardent supporter of the decolonization process, firmly opposed racism, particularly the apartheid in South Africa. The Afro Asian Bandung Conference 1955, marked the Zenith of India's engagement with the newly independent Asian and African Nationals.
The Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956, and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on July 19th, 1956.
Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961 in Belgrade.
Criticism of NAM:- Critics say that NAM has lost its relevant today and that it was a Neutral organisation which did not have guts to take a decision.
One of the Question in Mains Can be : Was Non Alignment Policy, the Policy of Immoral Neutrality ???
No, SInce NAM did not meant complete neutrality rather Non alignment meant having the freedom to decide each issue on its merits, to understand what was right or wrong, and then take a stand in favour of right.
What is relevance of NAM today?
According to the critics, NAM is no longer relevant because of the changed international environment, from Bi-polar to uni-polar. But whatever the world is – bipolar, multi-polar or unipolar, non-alignment as a foreign policy of the small / weak states will continue to remain valid.
In other words, the policy will last as long as the sovereign nation states exist.
How can NAM be strengthened?
Its role in the present century would be strengthened by more South-South cooperation, which would mean, by and large, collaboration between and among the NAM countries and defending their interests from fast expanding economic and technological power of the North.
NAM should develop a progressive agenda on the fundamental values of democracy, human rights and multiculturalism.
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We have also dealt with the Linguistic Policy of India and the State Reorganization. We dealt in Detail about the various Commissions Formed for State Reorganization.
Today we will see about the Foreign Policy of India and the Policy of NAM.
So Lets Start:
What was the situation at the Global Level during 1947:- At the world level, situation in general was very grim. The world had just witnessed the devastating World War II, attempt of creating new international body for peace, emergence of new nations with the collapse of colonialism.
World was divided into two Powerful Blocks or Poles (Bipolar World) one was USA and the Other was USSR.
What was India's Effort in such situation:- India's efforts to pursue an independent foreign policy were highlight of post 1947 politics.
Nehru used foreign policy as an instrument to defend and strengthen India's independence and to safeguard her national interests,to develop the self reliance, self confidence and pride of the masses while serving the cause of world peace and anti colonialism.
India decided to conduct its foreign relations with an aim to respect the sovereignty of all other nations and to achieve security through the maintenance of peace. This aim finds an echo in the Directive principles of state Policy, in the Article 51 of constitution: "Promotion of international peace and security"
The three major objectives of Nehru's foreign policy were:
i. To preserve hard earned sovereignty.
ii. Protect territorial integrity.
iii. Promote rapid economic development.
India and China in 1954 Codified the Panchsheel i.e Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence:-
- Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
- Mutual non-aggression.
- Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
- Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit.
- Peaceful co-existence.
India did not wanted to Formally join any of the Poles(either USA or USSR) because of Sovereignty issues. It wanted to puusue its own free and independent foreign policy not subordinate to any one of the Pole.
So this thinking led to the formation of NAM :-The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. As of 2017, the movement has 125 members.
The founding fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement were :-
- Josip Broz Tito of Socialist Yugoslavia,
- Jawaharlal Nehru of India,
- Sukarno of Indonesia,
- Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt and
- Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.
Their actions were known as 'The Initiative of Five'.
India and the African Contact:- India was an ardent supporter of the decolonization process, firmly opposed racism, particularly the apartheid in South Africa. The Afro Asian Bandung Conference 1955, marked the Zenith of India's engagement with the newly independent Asian and African Nationals.
The Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956, and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on July 19th, 1956.
Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961 in Belgrade.
Criticism of NAM:- Critics say that NAM has lost its relevant today and that it was a Neutral organisation which did not have guts to take a decision.
One of the Question in Mains Can be : Was Non Alignment Policy, the Policy of Immoral Neutrality ???
No, SInce NAM did not meant complete neutrality rather Non alignment meant having the freedom to decide each issue on its merits, to understand what was right or wrong, and then take a stand in favour of right.
What is relevance of NAM today?
According to the critics, NAM is no longer relevant because of the changed international environment, from Bi-polar to uni-polar. But whatever the world is – bipolar, multi-polar or unipolar, non-alignment as a foreign policy of the small / weak states will continue to remain valid.
In other words, the policy will last as long as the sovereign nation states exist.
- It Looks for the interest of the Third World Countries or the Least Developed Countries.
- The Non-Alignment countries have to learn to maneuver among them and to successfully face the menace of new colonialism that is sought to be imposed through various WTO round.
- Perhaps the most important role for NAM today lies in framing a concrete economic agenda for a just and fair international economic order. The WTO rules and procedures have failed to provide adequate economic gains to the Third World.
- NAM Can act as a resilient force to fight against Terrorism and Global Climate Change.
How can NAM be strengthened?
Its role in the present century would be strengthened by more South-South cooperation, which would mean, by and large, collaboration between and among the NAM countries and defending their interests from fast expanding economic and technological power of the North.
NAM should develop a progressive agenda on the fundamental values of democracy, human rights and multiculturalism.
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